Transparency International's experience with election monitoring has focused mainly, but not exclusively, on monitoring the financing of election campaigns and political parties: tracking "quid pro quo" donations, the misuse of state funds and public administrative resources for electoral purposes and bribery of voters and election officials. Monitoring of electoral fraud and other abuses on polling day has traditionally been done by other organisations, both NGOs and IGOs. But the division between corruption in the run-up to elections and bribery of voters on elections day; and ballot stuffing or other forms of electoral fraud is not always clear-cut.

A welcome step taken by a number of organisations has been to mainstream campaign finance monitoring into their broader election monitoring programmes. Organisations that conduct election monitoring and that have produced guidelines on election monitoring include:

United Nations (UN) - Electoral Assistance Division Department of Political Affairs
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)
Organisation for Security & Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
National Democratic Institute (NDI)
EISA
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA)
The International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES)
National Endowment for Democracy (NED) - Journal of Democracy: Election Watch
Commonwealth Secretariat

Conversely, anti-corruption NGOs, including TI chapters have begun to address electoral fraud in their anti-corruption work:

Elections Observer Group for the Vanuatu 2002 National Elections
This paper discusses the establishment, conduct and results of the Vanuatu National Elections 2002 as observed by the Vanuatu Elections Observer Group (EOG). The initial assessment of the likely character of the elections, the composition of the EOG and its terms of reference are described. The methodology of EOG is outlined, and the public awareness campaign and the survey of voters are detailed. Finally, major conclusions and recommendations are summarised and the implications of this case study for the future work of Transparency International are discussed.